There are following types of Cardiology Treatment-
- Angiogram
- Angioplasty
- Balloon Dilation
- Bypass Surgery
- Pacemaker
- EECP
- Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
- Open Heart Surgery
- Hypertension Treatment
- Mitral-Valve Operation - valve replacement Surgery
Angiogram
Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast
material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through your heart.
Coronary angiography is usually done in conjunction with cardiac
catheterization. Before the test starts, you will be given a mild sedative
to help you relax. An area of your body, usually the arm or groin, is
cleaned and numbed with a local numbing medicine (anesthetic).
A thin hollow tube called a catheter is placed through an artery and
carefully moved up into the heart. X-ray images help the doctor position the
catheter. Once the catheter is in place, dye (contrast material) is injected
into catheter. X-ray images are taken to see how the dye moves through the
artery. The dye helps highlight any blockages in blood flow.
Coronary angiography is done to find a blockage in the coronary arteries,
which can lead to heart attack. It may be done if you have unstable angina,
atypical chest pain, aortic stenosis, or unexplained heart failure.
There is a normal supply of blood to the heart and no blockages. An
abnormal result may mean you have a blocked artery. The test can show how
many coronary arteries are blocked, where they are blocked, and the severity
of the blockage(s).
Angioplasty
Angioplasty is a medical procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood
vessels of the heart. These blood vessels are called the coronary arteries.
Angioplasty is not considered to be a type of surgery. It is called a
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Arteries can become narrowed or
blocked by deposits called plaque. Plaque is made up of fat and cholesterol
that builds up on the inside of the artery walls. This condition is called
atherosclerosis.
If the blockage is not too severe, an angioplasty procedure can be used to
open the artery. Traditional angioplasty involves the use of a balloon
catheter -- a small, hollow, flexible tube that has a balloon near the end
of it. Before the balloon angioplasty procedure begins, you will be given
some pain medicine. Occasionally, blood thinning medicines are also given to
prevent formation of a blood clot.
Angioplasty may be used to treat:
- Persistent chest pain
- Blockage of one or more coronary arteries
- Blockage in a coronary artery during or after a heart attack
Aortic Anuerysm
Aortic aneurysm is a widening (bulging) of part of the wall of the aorta,
the body's largest artery.
Causes
Thoracic aneurysms most often occur in the descending thoracic aorta.
Others may appear in the ascending aorta or the aortic arch. The most common
cause of a thoracic aortic aneurysm is hardening of the arteries
(atherosclerosis).
Other risk factors include:
- Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome
- Having high blood pressure for a long time
- Previous dissection of the aorta
- Syphilis
- Trauma such as falls or motor vehicle accidents
Most patients have no symptoms until the aneurysm begins to leak or expand.
Chest or back pain may mean sudden widening or leakage of the aneurysm.
The heart disease treatment depends on the location of the aneurysm. For patients with
aneurysms of the ascending aorta or aortic arch, surgery to replace the
aorta is recommended if the aneurysm is larger than 5-6 centimeters.
The aorta is replaced with a fabric substitute. This is major surgery that
requires a heart-lung machine. If the aortic arch is involved, a specialized
technique called "circulatory arrest" may be necessary. This
involves a period without blood circulation while the patient is on life
support.
CABG
This is a type of heart surgery. It's sometimes called CABG ("cabbage").
The surgery reroutes, or "bypasses," blood around clogged arteries
to improve blood flow and oxygen to the heart.
The arteries that bring blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) can
become clogged by plaque (a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other
substances). This can slow or stop blood flow through the heart's blood
vessels, leading to chest pain or a heart attack. Increasing blood flow to
the heart muscle can relieve chest pain and reduce the risk of heart attack.
Surgeons take a segment of a healthy blood vessel from another part of the
body and make a detour around the blocked part of the coronary artery.
- An artery may be detached from the chest wall and the open end
attached to the coronary artery below the blocked area.
- A piece of a long vein in your leg may be taken. One end is sewn onto
the large artery leaving your heart-the aorta. The other end of the vein
is attached or "grafted" to the coronary artery below the
blocked area.
- Either way, blood can use this new path to flow freely to the heart
muscle.
Mitral Valve Repair
The mitral valve is the inflow valve into the left side of the heart. It
closes during systole (when the ventricle contracts or squeezes blood out
into Mitral valve repair is an open heart procedure performed by
cardiothoracic surgeons to treat stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation
(leakage) of the mitral valve. The mitral valve is the "inflow valve"
for the left side of the heart. Blood flows from the lungs, where it picks
up oxygen, and into the left atrium. When it opens, the mitral valve allows
blood to flow from the left atrium to the heart's main pumping chamber
called the left ventricle. It then closes to keep blood from leaking back
into the lungs when the ventricle contracts (squeezes) to push blood out to
the body. It has two flaps, or leaflets.
Occasionally, the mitral valve is abnormal from birth (congenital). More
often the mitral valve becomes abnormal with age (degenerative) or as a
result of rheumatic fever. In rare instances the mitral valve can be
destroyed by infection or a bacterial endocarditis. Mitral regurgitation may
also occur as a result of ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease).
When it opens (left), the mitral valve allows blood to flow into the heart's
main pumping chamber called the left ventricle. It then closes (right) to
keep blood from leaking back into the lungs when the ventricle contracts
(squeezes) to push blood out to the body. It has two flaps, or leaflets.
Open Heart Surgery
There are many different types of heart surgery. Heart Surgeries may be
used to:
- Repair or replace the valves that control blood flow through the
heart's chambers
- Bypass or widen blocked or narrowed arteries to the heart
- Repair aneurysms, or bulges in the aorta, which can be deadly if they
burst
- Implant devices to regulate heart rhythms
- Destroy small amounts of tissue that disturb electrical flow through
the heart
- Make channels in the heart muscle to allow blood from a heart chamber
directly into the heart muscle
- Boost the heart's pumping power with muscles taken from the back or
abdomen
- Replace the damaged heart with a heart from a donor
Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators
An arrhythmia is any disorder of your heart rate or rhythm. It means that
your heart beats too quickly, too slowly or with an irregular pattern. Most
arrhythmias result from problems in the electrical system of the heart. If
your arrhythmia is serious, you may need one of two devices implanted under
your skin: a cardiac pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator
(ICD).
A pacemaker monitors the electrical impulses in the heart. When needed, it
delivers electrical pulses to make the heart beat in a more normal rhythm. A
pacemaker may be helpful when the heart beats too slowly or has other
abnormal rhythms. An ICD is a device that monitors heart rhythms. If it
senses dangerous rhythms, it delivers shocks. Many ICDs record the heart's
electrical patterns when there is an abnormal heartbeat. This can help the
doctor plan future treatment.
Valve Surgery
Heart valve surgery is used to repair or replace diseased heart valves.
There are four valves in your heart:
- Aortic valve
- Mitral valve
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valve
The valves control the direction of blood flow through your heart. The
opening and closing of the heart valves produce the sound of the heartbeat.
Heart valve surgery is open-heart surgery that is done while you are under
general anesthesia. A cut is made through the breast bone (sternum). Your
blood is routed away from your heart to a heart-lung bypass machine. This
machine keeps the blood circulating while your heart is being operated on.
Valves may be repaired or replaced. Replacement heart valves are either
natural (biologic) or artificial (mechanical):
- Natural valves are from human donors (cadavers).
- Modified natural valves come from animal donors. (Porcine valves are
from pigs, bovine are from cows.) These are placed in synthetic rings.
- Artificial valves are made of metal.
If you receive an artificial valve, you may need to take life-long
medication to prevent blood clots. Natural valves rarely require life-long
medication.
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